LDVs

Row

Transport scenario

Baseline

Emissions

Baseline

Scenario description

Absence of policies oriented to promote alternative vehicles. Internal combustion engines lead the market. More information can be found in the Assumptions.

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Fleet composition

Final energy LDVs by fuel

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Sales composition

Emission intensity of new sales

Comparison

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Fleet composition comparison

Comparison of sales composition

Emission intensity, new sales comparison

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Comparison of passenger final energy demand

Comparison of passenger transport emissions supply and demand

Comparison of passenger tailpipe emissions from fossil fuels

Passenger transport overview

Row

Transport scenario

Baseline

Emissions

Baseline

Scenario description

Absence of policies oriented to promote alternative vehicles. Internal combustion engines lead the market. More information can be found in the Assumptions.

Row

Distance traveled per capita

Total Passenger Transport Energy Services Demand

Row

Transport Passenger Final Energy Demand

Passenger transport emissions supply and demand

Assumptions

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Baseline (No Carbon Pricing)

  • Structurally conservative: continuation of historic consumer preferences for conventional combustion engine cars.
  • No policies to promote alternative vehicles
  • Slow build-up of electric recharging stations

    • Conventional Case

  • Carbon pricing
  • Structurally conservative: continuation of historic consumer preferences for conventional combustion engine cars
  • No policies to promote alternative vehicles
  • Slow build-up of electric recharging stations

    • Hydrogen Hype

  • Carbon pricing
  • Fast build-up of hydrogen refuelling stations
  • Rebates-feebates scheme: FCEVs receive 5000€ subsidies for purchases in 2020, around 3300€ in 2025 and 1700€ in 2030. 1000€ mark-up cost on internal combustion engines are applied in 2020, 700€ in 2025 and 300€ in 2030
  • Increasing dis-preference for internal combustion engines due to tightening regulation
  • Policy push for FCEVs: Support policies induce a shift from dis-preference to preference of hydrogen vehicles, e.g. incentives to carmakers and car retailers to provide hidrogen vehicles
  • Hydrogen from electricity is at least 95% of the total hydrogen, with electricity from renewable resources reaching around 90% of the electricity production in 2050
  • Slow build-up of electric recharging stations

    • Electric Era

  • Carbon pricing
  • Rebates-feebates scheme: BEVs receive 5000€ subsidies for purchases in 2020, around 3300€ in 2025 and 1700€ in 2030. 1000€ mark-up cost on internal combustion engines are applied in 2020, 700€ in 2025 and 300€ in 2030
  • Increasing dis-preference for internal combustion engines due to tightening regulation

    • Synfuel Surge

  • Carbon pricing
  • Structurally conservative: continuation of historic consumer preferences for conventional combustion engine cars
  • Synfuels are forced in the liquids mix blending mandates reaching 20% of liquids fuels in transportation by 2035
  • Hydrogen from electricity is at least 95% of the total hydrogen, with electricity from renewable resources reaching around 90% of the electricity production in 2050
  • CO2 emissions from other sources (e.g., industrial installations) are captured and reused to produce syntethic fuels (Carbon Capture and Utilization)